Giuseppe Capogrossi was born on March 7, 1900, in Rome, Italy. After obtaining a law degree in 1922, he decided to become an artist and began to study under the fresco painter Giambattista Conti, and later at the studio of Felice Carena. Around the same time he formed a close relationship with the painter Emanuele Cavalli, a friendship that would last some twenty years. In 1925 he attended the Casa d’Arte Bragaglia, and between 1927 and 1933 he traveled several times to Paris, where he became particularly interested in the work of Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

In 1928 Capogrossi was invited to show at the Venice Biennale, and in 1932 he participated in the III Mostra del Sindacato Regionale Fascista Belle Arti del Lazio in Rome, showing paintings that revealed the influence of his time in Paris. In early 1933 he exhibited with Corrado Cagli and Cavalli (as part of the loosely associated group known as the Scuola Romana) at the Galleria del Milione in Milan, the epicenter of Italian abstract art. The reserved, pale colored palette and subtle geometric cadences of his works from this period reveal his training in fresco painting. Capogrossi was featured in several major exhibitions of Italian artists in the 1930s, including Exposition des peintres romains in Paris in 1933 and the Rome Quadriennale in 1935; following the latter, critics recognized him as one of the major figures in the renewal of Roman painting. In 1939 he was given his own room at the Rome Quadriennale.

In the years following World War II, Capogrossi painted his first abstract works, and by the end of 1949 he had developed a distinct and personal post-Cubist style. He formalized a language of signs that involved the free and logical arrangement of comblike matrices in compositions, linking his work to the Art Informel movement. In 1951 he co-founded the Gruppo Origine with Mario Ballocco, Alberto Burri, and Ettore Colla, who hoped to promote the ideals of abstract art, including a reductive simplicity of expression. Capogrossi also worked as a teacher for a large part of his career. He participated in Documenta, Kassel in 1955 and 1959, and in 1974 the Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna in Rome organized a major retrospective of his oeuvre. Giuseppe Capogrossi died on October 9, 1972, in Rome.